Wind Loads

Property

Description

Insulation Outer Diameter

Insulation outer diameter is used for calculation of upwind surface area. If wind and ice loads added simultaneously then diameter of insulation is increased by the ice layer thickness automatically

Elevation of Start/End Node

Greatest elevation from ground surface is used for calculation of wind load. By default, the elevation above the ground surface for wind and ice load calculation is calculated automatically assuming that the ground plane is horizontal. The option "Recalculation of elevation above a ground surface" should be switched off for pipelines laying on the ground surface with variable heights

Wind Direction

Select wind direction in global coordinate system. If "other" option is selected, then angles between wind direction vector and global axes X, Y, Z should be entered.

Number of wind directions is unlimited

First Frequency, f1

First natural frequency of the piping system. Can be obtained from normal modes analysis

Basic Wind Speed

• ASCE 7-22 (USA)

V, section 26.5

• EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (European Union)

Fundamental Value of Basic wind speed Vb,0

• IS.875.3.2015 (India)

Vb

• IBC 2021 (International)

V

• UBC 1997 (International)

V

• NSR-10 (Colombia)

V

• AZ/NZS 1170.2:2021 (New Zeland)

• NBC 2020 (Canada)

V

• KBC 2016 (Korea)

Vo

• NBR 06123-1988 (Brazil)

Vo

• BS 6399-2 (Britain)

Vb

• TKP EN 1991-1-4 2009 (Belarus)

Same as for EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010

• CNS (Taiwan)

• CFE 2020 (Mexico)

VR

• Wind Velocity vs Elevation

V

Basic Wind Pressure

• GB 50009-2012 (China)

w0

• NBC 2020 (Canada)

q

• Wind Pressure vs Elevation

pN

Hill Type

• ASCE 7-22 (USA)

• IBC 2021 (International): Same as ASCE 7-22

• CNS (Taiwan): Same as ASCE 7-22

• NSR-10 (Colombia): Same as ASCE 7-22

• CFE 2020 (Mexico): Same as ASCE 7-22

• KBC 2016 (Korea):

Average slope,

• KBC 2016 (Korea): Average hill slope

Height of Hill, H

• ASCE 7-22 (USA): H - height of hill or escarpment

• IBC 2021 (International): H - height of hill or escarpment

• CNS (Taiwan): H - height of hill or escarpment

• NSR-10 (Colombia): H - height of hill or escarpment

• KBC 2016 (Korea): H - height of hill or escarpment

• CFE 2020 (Mexico): H - height of hill or escarpment

Crest Distance, Lh

• ASCE 7-22 (USA): Lh - distance upwind of crest of hill or escarpment to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of the hill or escarpment

• IBC 2021 (International): Same as ASCE 7-22

• CNS (Taiwan): Same as ASCE 7-22

• NSR-10 (Colombia): Same as ASCE 7-22

• KBC 2016 (Korea): Lu - distance upwind of crest of hill to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of the hill

• CFE 2020 (Mexico): Same as ASCE 7-22

Distance from Crest to Site, x

• ASCE 7-22 (USA): x - distance upwind or downwind of crest (+ upwind, - downwind)

• IBC 2021 (International): Same as ASCE 7-22

• CNS (Taiwan): Same as ASCE 7-22

• NSR-10 (Colombia): Same as ASCE 7-22

• CFE 2020 (Mexico): Same as ASCE 7-22

• KBC 2016 (Korea): Same as ASCE 7-22

Importance factor, Iw

• UBC 1997

• NBC 2020 (Canada)

• KBC 2016 (Korea)

Wind Exposure

Terrain Category

• SP 20.13330.2016 (Russia): A, B, C

• ASCE 7-22 (USA): B, C, D

• IBC 2021 (International): Same as ASCE 7-22

• NSR-10 (Colombia):

• KBC 2016 (Korea):

• CNS (Taiwan): A,B,C

• UBC 1997: B, C, D

• GB 50009-2012 (China)

• IS.875.3.2015 (India)

• AZ/NZS 1170.2:2021 (New Zeland)

• NBC 2020 (Canada)

Open Terrain, Rough Terrain

• EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (European Union)

• CFE 2020 (Mexico)

Pipe Surface Condition

• GB 50009-2012 (China)

Smooth (0), Rough (0.02d), Very Rough (0.08d)

• IS.875.3.2015 (India)

Smooth, Rough

• NBR 06123-1988 (Brazil)

Smooth (0), Rough (0.02D), Very Rough (0.08D)

Total Wind Height, H

• GB 50009-2012 (China): H

• IS.875.3.2015 (India): h

• NBC 2020 (Canada): H

• NBR 06123-1988 (Brazil): h

• BS 6399-2 (Britain)

Ho - upwind building height

• CFE 2020 (Mexico)

Zt

Risk Factor, k1

• IS.875.3.2015 (India)

Topography Factor

• IS.875.3.2015 (India): k3

• NBR 06123-1988 (Brazil): S1

Cardinal Direction

Hill Shape Multiplier, Mh

Lee Effect Multiplier, Mlee

Surface Roughness Height, hr

Shielding Multiplier, Ms

• AZ/NZS 1170.2:2021 (New Zeland)

Cardinal direction: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW, Any Direction

Site Elevation (Altitude)

• AZ/NZS 1170.2:2021 (New Zeland)

Site elevation above mean sea level, in metres

• BS 6399-2 (Britain)

• CFE 2020 (Mexico)

hm

Surface Roughness, hr

• AZ/NZS 1170.2:2021 (New Zeland)

hr, 0.003 mm - 15 mm

• CFE 2020 (Mexico)

hr, 0.003 mm - 15 mm

Temperature

• CFE 2020 (Mexico)

t - ambient air temperature

Statistical factor, S3

Roughness category

Dimension class

• NBR 06123-1988 (Brazil)

Directional Factor

• BS 6399-2 (Britain): Sd

• EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (European Union): Cdir

The value of the directional factor, Cdir, for various wind directions may be found in the National

Annex. The recommended value is 1,0

Seasonal Factor

• BS 6399-2 (Britain): Ss

• EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (European Union): Cseason

The value of the season factor, Cseason, may be given in the National Annex. The recommended

value is 1.0

Building-type factor, Kb

Probability factor, Sp

Upwind Building Spacing, Xo

Upwind Building Height, Ho

Pipe Location

Closest Distance to Sea Upwind

Size Effect Factor, Ca

• BS 6399-2 (Britain)

Pipe Location:

• Site in country or up to 2 km into town

• Site in town, extending < 2 km upwind from the site

Size Effect Factor Ca

Structural Factor CsCd

Turbulence Factor KI

• EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (European Union)

Turbulence Factor KI

The value of turbulence factor may be given in the National Annex. The recommended value is 1.0

Importance factor for cyclonic region, k4

• IS.875.3.2015 (India)

dynamic load factor, DLF

Default value 2.0

Density of combustion gases

Default 1.226 kg/m3

Snubbers

Define the snubbers are active or not active for wind loads